What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Essays

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Essays What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Paper What are the strengths and weaknesses of Intuitionism Paper Intuitionism came about as a post-utilitarian perspective, and was largely developed as an ethical theory by Moore, Pritchard and Ross. As the name of the theory tells us it is concerned with humans intuition, Sidgwick came to the conclusion that ethics was not based on a unifying principle but rather on human intuition. Today, an intuitionist is thought of as someone who holds particular views about the way in which we come to find out what actions are right and which are wrong. Apparently, we group basic moral principles because of our intuition. Moral principles are capable of being true and known through a special faculty; moral intuition. W. D. Ross and Pritchard, claimed that they are facts about what is morally right and wrong and that our understanding of these is sufficient to deserve the title knowledge. We know that something is good by intuition: it is self-evident, good is something known directly by intuitionism1 G. E. Moore wrote that what is good, or morally good, cannot be defined by humans, just as yellow also cannot. We all know what yellow is in sensory terms but the only way to describe yellow is to use other colours which does not help someone who is colour blind, Good can be defined no more successfully than yellow. 2 However, we know instantly what yellow is, and we know instinctively what is morally good; they are both self-evident to us. Moore thought that what makes an action good or otherwise are the aims of the person in question when carrying out that action. Moore then went on to make a distinction between the aims and the consequences of an action: the aims are decided intuitively before the action and determine its moral nature. The consequences are determined retrospectively, therefore not determining morality. Harold Arthur Pritchard developed Moores ideas further, he thought that moral obligation just is, and it can be perceived by our intuition. This means that moral obligation is something that a person could just know, it was not quite the same as feeling certain or failing to think or not questioning. The most evident strength of intuitionism is that the Judaeo-Christian tradition teaches that human beings are made in the likeness of God, therefore having his laws written in their hearts. This clearly supports the intuitive approach. The good person knows what is morally good because he/she is designed to know. Paramount to this idea is a) there is an absolute moral code b) that we have the ability to recognise it. Moreover, it is likely in practice that the majority of moral agents act at least partly from intuition on the majority of occasions when they have to make a moral decision. A weakness of the system is to assume that we can know A because of B. We cannot, in fact, say something is right because we intuit it to be that way. An intuitionist would say that humans only have their moral hunches and intuitions to guide them, so we have to rely on this by default. Unlike the scientific world in the world of morals, an intuitive moral decision is often held to be right because the person feels it to be so. This can be seen as a criticism of intuitionism because moral decisions making is more of an art form that an exact science. The apparent weaknesses of intuitionism could be summed up by saying when asking why should I be good? Because you just know you should. Emotivism, as its name suggests, is the moral theory based on peoples emotive responses to other people, events, situations, viewpoints and principles. Emotive response in this context is simply referring to a persons feelings about something. Thus, Emotivism is concerned principally, if not exclusively, with how people feel about something. This can be clearly seen in someone who says abortion is wrong, because according to Emotivism all they are doing is announcing how they feel about abortion. Even if they give a number of reasons why they feel this way, for example it goes against the sanctity of life. All the person is doing is finding other reasons which appeal to their emotions in order to support their initial position. When we remove all the so called rational reasons or arguments for doing A rather than B or believing in X rather than Y, then at root what we are left with is just a personal preference based on feelings of approval or disapproval. This is why the theory is commonly known as the Boo-Hurrah theory; when a statement is approved of the response is Hurrah and when a statement is disapproved of then the response is Boo. The weaknesses of the emotive theory of ethics are as follows; most people believe the need for a moral code. Most moral codes prescribe anti-social acts such as murder, stealing, cheating, deceiving, offending others. Integrity, honesty, loyalty, decency are also common moral requirements. If there is such a thing as a basic moral code, then Emotivism which is relative cannot be an exhaustive or complete system. Also, if everyone operates morally solely on their emotions then there should never be the problem of what to do, they would simply follow their strongest feeling on the issue. However, reality is different. For example; I may have huge sympathy for an elderly patient in pain, imploring me as her doctor to put her out of her misery. I have to force myself against my feelings, reasoning that her life is sacred, and I have no right to play God. Another problem with the relativism inherent in Emotivism is the difficulty of deciding where to draw the line of tolerance. If a Satanist is preaching hatred or murder as a good thing in his eyes should he be opposed vociferously, or in any other way, or not at all? After all, if he feels the emotion of hatred is the best basis of his moral code; from an emotive-relativist point of view I should do nothing unless he actually harms someone. Moreover, Alasdair McIntyre believes that Emotivism is bankrupt as an ethical theory because it lacks any moral absolutes. According to McIntyre the implications of Emotivism on society would be that social relations become manipulative because each person relates to everyone else morally in terms of their own individual emotions, not in terms of absolute moral values. This leads to people being a means to our own ends, instead of being ends in themselves.

Essay about Keeping Your Data Saft

Essay about Keeping Your Data Saft Essay about Keeping Your Data Saft Keeping Your Data Safe There are two different types of backup supported: File backup and system image. File backups are saved to ZIP files. Two types of file backup are supported: The first type, normal backup, stores everything selected for backup. The second type, incremental backup stores only files that are changed after a previous backup. However, unlike the file backup and NTBackup, in which data are backed up file by file, system image is a disk image of the backed up system saved block by block in a VHD file. Block-based backup is more efficient at performing subsequent differential backups, as only the blocks that have changed need to be backed up. During a backup, Windows uses Volume Shadow Copy Service to ensure that files are not changed while they are being backed up. Newer backup media such as CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs are supported in Backup and Restore. Windows Backup service is the Windows service responsible for backup and restore operation. The Backup and Restore application however, is not the only way of interfacing with this service: The Wbadmin command-line utility may also be used. System image The image-based full system backup option, called Complete PC Backup in Windows Vista or system image in Windows 7, allows for the imaging of the entire system including operating system and data volumes. The backed up image can later be restored through the Windows Recovery Environment either to the same computer or to a new computer of different brand and type. The file format used when doing an

Food Prices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Food Prices - Essay Example There are many reasons for this sharp increase in the prices of food especially and a valid economic justification may not be provided to accurately outline the factors behind the increase in the food prices. Development of alternative fuel i.e. bio-diesel, low crop yields due to bad weather in major commodity producing countries as well as the higher demand from developed as well as emerging countries, all resulted into food inflation. Besides, the recession in US economy, one of the largest importers of commodities, is also cited as one of the major reasons behind the sharp increase in the food prices as there has been substantial crises being faced by US economy over the period of almost two years. The increase in food prices can be traced back to last two years as FAO food Index rose by 9% in 2006 and 23% in 2007. (IFAD, 2008). This sharp increase suggests that there is a great increase in the prices of food items all over the world and many important factors are at play which is pushing the prices up. In order to make an economic analysis of this increase, we will outline and discuss different factors causing the prices to go up. (The World Bank, 2008) There is a general increase in the concern being shown over the impact of greenhouse gases over the environment of the world. This, coupled with depleting oil resources of the world, has forced many developed nations to look for alternative sources of energy to fulfill the future energy needs of the planet. Bio-diesel is one such alternative which has been advocated as the potential replacement of oil as a source of energy. However, this shift towards finding alternative sources has greatly increased the demand for the food items especially rice, sugarcane and corn -the commodities which are now heavily used in producing bio-diesel. This increase in quantity demanded for rice and sugarcane especially have seen a great deal of increase due to increase demand from developed countries. (Economist, 2007). It is also important to mention that increasing subsidies on ethanol in developed world have increased the overall demand for sugarcane because it's now being used for producing ethanol rather than sugar. (Buntrock, 2007) It is also important to note that due to greater demand from developed world, developing countries, which are considered as the suppliers of basic food items in international market, started to export most of their produce resulting in strong shortage of the food commodities in their own countries. This shortage of essential food commodities, in developing countries, also put strong pressure on the prices to rise upward. Reduced Output According to IFAD, the available stocks of the cereals at the start of the year were very low. This, coupled with the reduction in the overall output level of major cereals by 6.9% in 2006, suggested a reduced supply of essential cereals in the market. (IFAD, 2008). This has been mainly attributed to the bad weather in major producing countries i.e. Brazil, Thailand, India etc causing acute shortage of cereals in the market therefore putting pressure on prices to go up drastically in such short span of time. Removal of Farm

A letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A letter - Essay Example I have put up with it, but now, I am finally torn apart for being in Japan and working in AirAsia Narita. For such mental stress, I am feeling regretful for my own decision to go back to Japan, and I cannot cope with my current workplace (AirAsia Japan). Some time ago, I took a leave of absence as I suffered from severe headache that I often missed work. It is painful for me to work in AirAsia Japan. After that, I saw a doctor several times and the symptoms disappeared after an adequate rest; however, the doctor said that it is physical and mental anxiety that is affecting me. He said that it is all right for me to return to work, but it is necessary to distance myself from my mother and return to AirAsia X in order to work in mentally stable conditions. As soon as I heard that my mother was mentally ill, I just lost it and decided to transfer to AirAsia Japan for her. However, the consequence was not desirable as I mentioned. Even my doctor recommended returning to AirAsia X. It would definitely be a pleasure for me to return, but I am very sorry for asking this favor for I, myself asked you to send me to Japan in the past. I do realize how selfish it is for me to request to be transferred back to AirAsia X since I do not know if my previous visa and working permit are still valid, but with your permission. I really hope to return to AirAsia X again as per doctor’s recommendation. If you provide me with a chance to work for AirAsia X again, I am willing to shoulder all the costs for the transfer (travel expense, etc.). Furthermore, I would like to assure you that any circumstances such as this would not happen again because my father can constantly be with my mother

The Source of Creativity in Writers Essay Example for Free

The Source of Creativity in Writers Essay We laymen have always been intensely curious to know like the Cardinal who put a similar question to Ariosto from what sources that strange being, the creative writer, draws his material, and how he manages to make such an impression on us with it and to arouse in us emotions of which, perhaps, we had not even thought ourselves capable. Our interest is only heightened the more by the fact that, if we ask him, the writer himself gives us no explanation, or none that is satisfactory; and it is not at all weakened by our knowledge that not even the clearest insight into the determinants of his choice of material and into the nature of the art of creating imaginative form will ever help to make creative writers of us. If we could at least discover in ourselves or in people like ourselves an activity which was in some way akin to creative writing! An examination of it would then give us a hope of obtaining the beginnings of an explanation of the creative work of writers. And, indeed, there is some prospect of this being possible. After all, creative writers themselves like to lessen the distance between their kind and the common run of humanity; they so often assure us that every man is a poet at heart and that the last poet will not perish till the last man does. Should we not look for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood The child’s best-loved and most intense occupation is with his play or games. Might we not say that every child at play behaves like a creative writer, in that he creates a world of his own, or, rather, re-arranges the things of his world in a new way which pleases him? It would be wrong to think he does not take that world seriously; on the contrary, he takes his play very seriously and he expends large amounts of emotion on it. The opposite of play is not what is serious but what is real. In spite of all the emotion with which he cathects his world of play, the child distinguishes it quite well from reality; and he likes to link his imagined objects and situations to the tangible and visible things of the real world. This linking is all that differentiates the child’s ‘play’ from ‘phantasying’. The creative writer does the same as the child at play. He creates a world of phantasy which he takes very seriously that is, which he invests with large amounts of emotion while separating it sharply from reality. Language has preserved this relationship between children’s play and poetic creation. It gives [in German] the name of ‘Spiel’ [‘play’] to those forms of imaginative writing which require to be linked to tangible objects and which are capable of representation. It speaks of a ‘Lustspiel’ or ‘Trauerspiel’ [‘comedy’ or ‘tragedy’: literally, ‘pleasure play’ or ‘mourning play’] and describes those who carry out the representation as ‘Schauspieler’ [‘players’: literally ‘show-players’]. The unreality of the writer’s imaginative world, however, has very important consequences for the technique of his art; for many things which, if they were real, could give no enjoyment, can do so in the play of phantasy, and many excitements which, in themselves, are actually distressing, can become a source of pleasure for the hearers and spectators at the performance of a writer’s work. There is another consideration for the sake of which we will dwell a moment longer on this contrast between reality and play. When the child has grown up and has ceased to play, and after he has been labouring for decades to envisage the realities of life with proper seriousness, he may one day find himself in a mental situation which once more undoes the contrast between play and reality. As an adult he can look back on the intense seriousness with which he once carried on his games in childhood; and, by equating his ostensibly serious occupations of to-day with his childhood games, he can throw off the too heavy burden imposed on him by life and win the high yield of pleasure afforded by humour. As people grow up, then, they cease to play, and they seem to give up the yield of pleasure which they gained from playing. But whoever understands the human mind knows that hardly anything is harder for a man than to give up a pleasure which he has once experienced. Actually, we can never give anything up; we only exchange one thing for another. What appears to be a renunciation is really the formation of a substitute or surrogate. In the same way, the growing child, when he stops playing, gives up nothing but the link with real objects; instead playing, he now phantasies. He builds castles in the air and creates what are called day- dreams. I believe that most people construct phantasies at times in their lives. This is a fact which has long been overlooked and whose importance has therefore not been sufficiently appreciated. People’s phantasies are less easy to observe than the play of children. The child, it is true, plays by himself or forms a closed psychical system with other children for the purposes of a game; but even though he may not play his game in front of the grown-ups, he does not, on the other hand, conceal it from them. The adult, on the contrary, is ashamed of his phantasies and hides them from other people. He cherishes his phantasies as his most intimate possessions, and as a rule he would rather confess his misdeeds than tell anyone his phantasies. It may come about that for that reason he believes he is the only person who invents such phantasies and has no idea that creations of this kind are widespread among other people. This difference in the behaviour of a person who plays and a person who phantasies is accounted for by the motives of these two activities, which are nevertheless adjuncts to each other. A child’s play is determined by wishes: in point of fact by a single wish-one that helps in his upbringing the wish to be big and grown up. He is always playing at being ‘grown up’, and in his games he imitates what he knows about the lives of his elders. He has no reason to conceal this wish. With the adult, the case is different. On the one hand, he knows that he is expected not to go on playing or phantasying any longer, but to act in the real world; on the other hand, some of the wishes which give rise to his phantasies are of a kind which it is essential to conceal. Thus he is ashamed of his phantasies as being childish and as being unpermissible. But, you will ask, if people make such a mystery of their phantasying, how is it that we know such a lot about it? Well, there is a class of human beings upon whom, not a god, indeed, but a stern goddess Necessity has allotted the task of telling what they suffer and what things give them happiness. These are the victims of nervous illness, who are obliged to tell their phantasies, among other things, to the doctor by whom they expect to be cured by mental treatment. This is our best source of knowledge, and we have since found good reason to suppose that our patients tell us nothing that we might not also hear from healthy people. Let us now make ourselves acquainted with a few of the characteristics of phantasying. We may lay it down that a happy person never phantasies, only an unsatisfied one. The motive forces of phantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single phantasy is the fulfilment of a wish, a correction of unsatisfying reality. These motivating wishes vary according to the sex, character and circumstances of the person who is having the phantasy; but they fall naturally into two main groups. They are either ambitious wishes, which serve to elevate the subject’s personality; or they are erotic ones. In young women the erotic wishes predominate almost exclusively, for their ambition is as a rule absorbed by erotic trends. In young men egoistic and ambitious wishes come to the fore clearly enough alongside of erotic ones. But we will not lay stress on the opposition between the two trends; we would rather emphasize the fact that they are often united. Just as, in many altar- pieces, the portrait of the donor is to be seen in a corner of the picture, so, in the majority of ambitious phantasies, we can discover in some corner or other the lady for whom the creator of the phantasy performs all his heroic deeds and at whose feet all his triumphs are laid. Here, as you see, there are strong enough motives for concealment; the well-brought-up young woman is only allowed a minimum of erotic desire, and the young man has to learn to suppress the excess of self-regard which he brings with him from the spoilt days of his childhood, so that he may find his place in a society which is full of other individuals making equally strong demands. We must not suppose that the products of this imaginative activity the various phantasies, castles in the air and day-dreams are stereotyped or unalterable. On the contrary, they fit themselves in to the subject’s shifting impressions of life, change with every change in his situation, and receive from every fresh active impression what might be called a ‘date-mark’. The relation of a phantasy to time is in general very important. We may say that it hovers, as it were, between three times the three moments of time which our ideation involves. Mental work is linked to some current impression, some provoking occasion in the present which has been able to arouse one of the subject’s major wishes. From there it harks back to a memory of an earlier experience (usually an infantile one) in which this wish was fulfilled; and it now creates a situation relating to the future which represents a fulfilment of the wish. What it thus creates is a day-dream or phantasy, which carries about it traces of its origin from the occasion which provoked it and from the memory. Thus past, present and future are strung together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through them. A very ordinary example may serve to make what I have said clear. Let us take the case of a poor orphan boy to whom you have given the address of some employer where he may perhaps find a job. On his way there he may indulge in a day-dream appropriate to the situation from which it arises. The content of his phantasy will perhaps be something like this. He is given a job, finds favour with his new employer, makes himself indispensable in the business, is taken into his employer’s family, marries the charming young daughter of the house, and then himself becomes a director of the business, first as his employer’s partner and then as his successor. In this phantasy, the dreamer has regained what he possessed in his happy childhood the protecting house, the loving parents and the first objects of his affectionate feelings. You will see from this example the way in which the wish makes use of an occasion in the present to construct, on the pattern of the past, a picture of the future. There is a great deal more that could be said about phantasies; but I will only allude as briefly as possible to certain points. If phantasies become over-luxuriant and over-powerful, the conditions are laid for an onset of neurosis or psychosis. Phantasies, moreover, are the immediate mental precursors of the distressing symptoms complained of by our patients. Here a broad by-path branches off into pathology. I cannot pass over the relation of phantasies to dreams. Our dreams at night are nothing else than phantasies like these, as we can demonstrate from the interpretation of dreams.? Language, in its unrivalled wisdom, long ago decided the question of the essential nature of dreams by giving the name of ‘day-dreams’ to the airy creations of phantasy. If the meaning of our dreams usually remains obscure to us in spite of this pointer, it is because of the circumstance that at night there also arise in us wishes of which we are ashamed; these we must conceal from ourselves, and they have consequently been repressed, pushed into the unconscious. Repressed wishes of this sort and their derivatives are only allowed to come to expression in a very distorted form. When scientific work had succeeded in elucidating this factor of dream-distortion, it was no longer difficult to recognize that night-dreams are wish-fulfilments in just the same way as day-dreams the phantasies which we all know so well. ? Cf. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a). So much for phantasies. And now for the creative writer. May we really attempt to compare the imaginative writer with the ‘dreamer in broad daylight’, and his creations with day-dreams? Here we must begin by making an initial distinction. We must separate writers who, like the ancient authors of epics and tragedies, take over their material ready-made, from writers who seem to originate their own material. We will keep to the latter kind, and, for the purposes of our comparison, we will choose not the writers most highly esteemed by the critics, but the less pretentious authors of novels, romances and short stories, who nevertheless have the widest and most eager circle of readers of both sexes. One feature above all cannot fail to strike us about the creations of these story-writers: each of them has a hero who is the centre of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and whom he seems to place under the protection of a special Providence. If, at the end of one chapter of my story, I leave the hero unconscious and bleeding from severe wounds, I am sure to find him at the beginning of the next being carefully nursed and on the way to recovery; and if the first volume closes with the ship he is in going down in a storm at sea, I am certain, at the opening of the second volume, to read of his miraculous rescue a rescue without which the story could not proceed. The feeling of security with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventures is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the water to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemy’s fire in order to storm a battery. It is the true heroic feeling, which one of our best writers has expressed in an inimitable phrase: ‘Nothing can happen to me! ’ It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of invulnerability we can immediately recognize His Majesty the Ego, the hero alike of every day-dream and of every story. Other typical features of these egocentric stories point to the same kinship. The fact that all the women in the novel invariably fall in love with the hero can hardly be looked on as a portrayal of reality, but it is easily understood as a necessary constituent of a day-dream. The same is true of the fact that the other characters in the story are sharply divided into good and bad, in defiance of the variety of human characters that are to be observed in real life. The ‘good’ ones are the helpers, while the ‘bad’ ones are the enemies and rivals, of the ego which has become the hero of the story. We are perfectly aware that very many imaginative writings are far removed from the model of the naive day-dream; and yet I cannot suppress the suspicion that even the most extreme deviations from that model could be linked with it through an uninterrupted series of transitional cases. It has struck me that in many of what are known as ‘psychological’ novels only one person once again the hero is described from within. The author sits inside his mind, as it were, and looks at the other characters from outside. The psychological novel in general no doubt owes its special nature to the inclination of the modern writer to split up his ego, by self- observation, into many part-egos, and, in consequence, to personify the conflicting currents of his own mental life in several heroes. Certain novels, which might be described as ‘eccentric’, seem to stand in quite special contrast to the type of the day-dream. In these, the person who is introduced as the hero plays only a very small active part; he sees the actions and sufferings of other people pass before him like a spectator. Many of Zola’s later works belong to this category. But I must point out that the psychological analysis of individuals who are not creative writers, and who diverge in some respects from the so-called norm, has shown us analogous variations of the day-dream, in which the ego contents itself with the role of spectator. If our comparison of the imaginative writer with the day-dreamer, and of poetical creation with the day-dream, is to be of any value, it must, above all, show itself in some way or other fruitful. Let us, for instance, try to apply to these authors’ works the thesis we laid down earlier concerning the relation between phantasy and the three periods of time and the wish which runs through them; and, with its help, let us try to study the connections that exist between the life of the writer and his works. No one has known, as a rule, what expectations to frame in approaching this problem; and often the connection has been thought of in much too simple terms. In the light of the insight we have gained from phantasies, we ought to expect the following state of affairs. A strong experience in the present awakens in the creative writer a memory of an earlier experience (usually belonging to his childhood) from which there now proceeds a wish which finds its fulfilment in the creative work. The work itself exhibits elements of the recent provoking occasion as well as of the old memory. Do not be alarmed at the complexity of this formula. I suspect that in fact it will prove to be too exiguous a pattern. Nevertheless, it may contain a first approach to the true state of affairs; and, from some experiments I have made, I am inclined to think that this way of looking at creative writings may turn out not unfruitful. You will not forget that the stress it lays on childhood memories in the writer’s life a stress which may perhaps seem puzzling is ultimately derived from the assumption that a piece of creative writing, like a day-dream, is a continuation of, and a substitute for, what was once the play of childhood. We must not neglect, however, to go back to the kind of imaginative works which we have to recognize, not as original creations, but as the re-fashioning of ready- made and familiar material. Even here, the writer keeps a certain amount of independence, which can express itself in the choice of material and in changes in it which are often quite extensive. In so far as the material is already at hand, however, it is derived from the popular treasure-house of myths, legends and fairy tales. The study of constructions of folk-psychology such as these is far from being complete, but it is extremely probable that myths, for instance, are distorted vestiges of the wishful phantasies of whole nations, the secular dreams of youthful humanity. You will say that, although I have put the creative writer first in the title of my paper, I have told you far less about him than about phantasies. I am aware of that, and I must try to excuse it by pointing to the present state of our knowledge. All I have been able to do is to throw out some encouragements and suggestions which, starting from the study of phantasies, lead on to the problem of the writer’s choice of his literary material. As for the other problem by what means the creative writer achieves the emotional effects in us that are aroused by his creations we have as yet not touched on it at all. But I should like at least to point out to you the path that leads from our discussion of phantasies to the problems of poetical effects. You will remember how I have said that the day-dreamer carefully conceals his phantasies from other people because he feels he has reasons for being ashamed of them. I should now add that even if he were to communicate them to us he could give us no pleasure by his disclosures. Such phantasies, when we learn them, repel us or at least leave us cold. But when a creative writer presents his plays to us or tells us what we are inclined to take to be his personal day dreams, we experience a great pleasure, and one which probably arises from the confluence of many sources. How the writer accomplishes this is his innermost secret; the essential ars poetica lies in the technique of overcoming the feeling of repulsion in us which is undoubtedly connected with the barriers that rise  between each single ego and the others. We can guess two of the methods used by this technique. The writer softens the character of his egoistic day-dreams by altering and disguising it, and he bribes us by the purely formal that is, aesthetic yield of pleasure which he offers us in the presentation of his phantasies. We give the name of an incentive bonus, or a fore-pleasure, to a yield of pleasure such as this, which is offered to us so as to make possible the release of still greater pleasure arising from deeper psychical sources. In my opinion, all the aesthetic pleasure which a creative writer affords us has the character of a fore-pleasure of this kind, and our actual enjoyment of an imaginative work proceeds from a liberation of tensions in our minds. It may even be that not a little of this effect is due to the writer’s enabling us thenceforward to enjoy our own day-dreams without self-reproach or shame. This brings us to the threshold of new, interesting and complicated enquiries; but also, at least for the moment, to the end of our discussion.

The Powerful Message of It’s a Wonderful Life Essay -- Film, Movies

The Powerful Message of It’s a Wonderful Life It’s a Wonderful Life begins in the â€Å"party economy† of the 1920’s, during the rise of capitalism in America. The growth of economy and rapid technological advances during this post-war period lead to improvements in production and telecommunication, increasing the importance of financial markets. Allowing companies to make money by the sale of shares, financial markets opened ownership of companies to the public. In the 1920’s, when business was booming and many people were making money in the market, the public became very excited about the get-rich-quick opportunities they saw in a market they didn’t necessarily understand. When the ignorant public began throwing their money into the stock market on the unstable basis of margin buying, money in the market became inflated until the market eventually imploded. Numerous people, businesses and banks were financially ruined in the stock market crashes of 1929. Speculating heavily with their deposi ts, many banks were totally wiped out during the crash of 1929, which created a run on the banking system. The crashes, along with other social, political and economic disasters, provoked the Great Depression. The Great Depression is the backdrop for It’s a Wonderful Life, and although the film does not delve deeply into the economics of the depression, it influences and affects every aspect of the movie. The first major impact the depression has on Bedford Falls is the run on the bank. Everyone in town is in a panic because of the market crash, and fearful that they may lose all of their money in the Savings and Loan, the public rushes to the bank in an attempt to retrieve it. Fortunately, the Savings and Loan was not financially ruined i... ... the quality of life change with George’s existence. Nick lives in Potter’s field and works as a bartender in Pottersville. He is a mean and cynical old man. In Bedford Falls, Nick had lived in Bailey Estates and had owned the bar with help from the Savings and Loan. He was a caring family man. The importance of balance of powers within a single community is evident when examining the two scenarios. George Bailey fights on the side of the people in Bedford Falls. He sacrifices himself and his future a number of times in order to raise the standard of living. Keeping the Bailey Savings and Loan in business saves the town from Potter’s monopoly and the subsequent transformation of Bedford Falls. It’s a Wonderful Life is not only a story about one man’s impact on the lives of others, but also a glimpse of how a town can transform under different economic scenarios.

Rdr Experiment No. 9 Integrated Concepts of Equilibrium

Experiment No. 9 INTEGRATED CONCEPTS OF EQUILIBRIUM RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A system in equilibrium can be affected by the addition of another reagent leading to a change in chemical equation with a new equilibrium constant. An overall reaction is the sum of two or more reaction steps with different equilibrium constants. The overall equilibrium constant, Koverall, is the product of the equilibrium constants of the individual reaction step. If a reaction step is reversed, the equilibrium constant is set into its reciprocal.If a reaction step is multiplied by a common coefficient n, the new equilibrium constant is raised to the nth. The first part of the experiment dealt with the equilibrium reaction Cu(OH)2(s) ? Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq). 0. 10 M Cu(NO3)2 and 0. 10 M NaOH were reacted together in seven test tubes to form the solid Cu(OH)2, a blue precipitate. Distilled water was added to the first test tube. This served as the control. When 6. 0 M H2C2O4 was added to the second test tube, t he precipitate turned cloudy blue. The new equilibrium can be attributed to the formation of the solid CuC2H4 which is cloudy blue in color, and the ionization of H2C2O4.The addition of Zn dust in the third test tube resulted into a gray-brown precipitate. The mechanisms in this reaction are the dissociation of Cu(OH)2(s), redox of Cu2+ and Zn, and precipitation of Zn(OH)2, leading to an overall reaction of Cu(OH)2(s) + Zn(s) ? Zn(OH)2(s) + Cu(s). When 6. 0 M HNO3 was added to the fourth test tube, the precipitate disappeared. The H+ ions from the complete dissociation of HNO3 neutralize the OH- ions. This results to the shifting of the system to the right. The addition of 6. 0 M NH3 in the fifth test tube caused the formation of the deep blue [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex.The new equilibrium was established from the dissociation reaction of Cu(OH)2 and NH3, and the formation of complex [Cu(NH3)4]2+. 1. 0 M Na3PO4 was added to the sixth test tube, and formed a light blue precipitate. The bas ic PO3- hydrolyzes to form OH- and HPO42-. The increase in OH- ions caused the system to shift to the left and formed more Cu(OH)2(s). In the seventh test tube, the addition of Cu(NO3)2 caused to form a cloudy turquoise precipitate. The addition of a common ion Cu2+ caused the formation of more solid.The cloudy supernate suggested that the solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound is lowered in the presence of a common ion. In the second part of the experiment, saturated NaCl was put into three test tubes and in each, three different reagents were added. The initial equilibrium reaction was NaCl(s) ? Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq). The addition of 95% ethanol resulted to a clear supernate and very minimal white precipitate. Ionic compounds such a NaCl dissolve in polar solvents like ethanol. The addition of concentrated HCl resulted in the formation of more white precipitate, due to the addition of a common ion Cl-.When MgSO4 was added, there was no visible reaction. This is due to the the displacement reaction of the two solids forming aqueous solutions of MgCl2 and Na2SO4. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS A. test tube 1 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 K_eq=[? Cu? ^(2+)]? [? OH? ^-]? ^2 B. test tube 2 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 H2C2O4 (aq) HC2O4-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka=6. 5Ãâ€"10-2 HC2O4-(aq) C2O42-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka=6. 1Ãâ€"10-5 Cu(OH)2(s) + H2C2O4 (aq) Cu2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) + 2H2O(l) Keq=8. 23Ãâ€"10-26 C. test tube 3 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) Kredox=3. 46Ãâ€"1034 Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2 (aq) Ksp=5. 435Ãâ€"1013 Cu(OH)2(s) + Zn(s) Zn(OH)2 (aq) + Cu(s) Keq=4. 137Ãâ€"1028 D. test tube 4 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 2HNO3(aq) ? 2H+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) Ka=? Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HNO3 (aq) ? Cu2+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2H2O(l)Keq=? E. test tube 5 Cu(OH)2(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ksp=2. 20x 10-20 Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq) Kf=5. 0x1013 Cu(OH)2(s) + 4 NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2 +(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Keq=1. 1Ãâ€"10-6 F. test tube 6 3Cu(OH)2(s) 3Cu2+(aq) + 6OH-(aq) Ksp=1. 0648x 10-59 2H3PO4 (aq) 2H+(aq) + 2H2PO4-(aq) Ksp=5. 625Ãâ€"10-5 2H2PO4-(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2HPO42-(aq) Ksp=3. 844Ãâ€"10-15 2HPO42-(aq) 2H+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) ¬ Ksp=2. 304Ãâ€"10-27 3Cu(OH)2(s) +2H3PO4 (aq) Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)Keq? 0 A. Test tube 1 B. Test tubes 6, 5, 3, and 2 C. Test tube 5 D. Test tubes 7, 6, 4, 3, and 2 E. Test tube 7, and 2 F. Test tube 6, 5, and 3In test tube 1, the addition of ethanol to the solution produced little precipitate. It is because ethanol is capable of hydrogen-bonding with water, thus, depriving the Na+ and Cl- ions of water molecules to â€Å"hydrate† them. On the other hand, adding HCl produced a greater amount of precipitate because it completely ionizes into H+ and Cl- ions. Because Cl- is part of one side of the dissolution process, the equilibrium shifted to the side favoring the reformation of NaCl crystals. Lastly, the addition of MgSO4 doe s not affect the system because none of its constituent ions were present in the equilibrium reaction of NaCl.

Alcohol and Society Essay Essay

Throughout history, society has engaged in taking substances such as alcohol, that alter our physical being or our psychological state of mind. There are many experiences and pressures that force people to feel like they have to drink in order to cope with life, but for many alcohol is a part of everyday life, just like any other beverage. Alcohol is introduced to us in many ways, through our family, television, movies, and friends’. These â€Å"sociocultural variants are at least as important as physiological and psychological variants when we are trying to understand the interrelations of alcohol and human behavior†#. How we perceive drinking and continue drinking can be determined by the drinking habits we see, either by who we drink with, or the attitudes about drinking we learn over the years. The chances of people drinking in ways that can harm others and ultimatley themselves can be seen by the correlation of educational lessons, cultural beliefs and the usage of alcohol. Looking at all the possibilities, the complex question we must ask is why do people drink? Is it through their defiance of law, the accessibility of alcohol, teachings of others or the values set in place in their society? Every society has its own views on how the consumption of alcohol should be handled and regulated. Their differences create a trickle effect of how it is used, and is distinctive to that culture or society. Many cultures drinking habits go hand in hand with religion, and social customs. Drinking alcohol is in many cases a part of extensive learned tradition, where people pride themselves with their ability to hold their liquor. In countries where alcohol is part of the â€Å"norm†, the outcomes of drinking habits or the effects of alcohol are much different, â€Å"A population that drinks daily may have a high rate of cirrhosis and other medical problems but few accidents, fights, homicides, or other violent alcohol-associated conflicts; a population with predominantly binge drinking shows the opposite complex of drinking problems†#. It has been observed that cultures with rich traditions and acceptance of alcohol use tend to deal less with the typical alcohol related problems, compared to the cultures who treat alcohol as an escape or something that will make them better in the eyes of others. In these societies, like the U. S. alcohol hasn’t always been present and grown to be accepted through rich tradition. The amount of regulations and negative views on drinking in the U. S. has led to abuse and deviancy, creating a high frequency of alcoholics. People drink in many ways, for many different reasons. We drink socially, to gain acceptance into a group. We drink alone to ease stress, to cope with our problems, or we â€Å"drink because we like the taste or how it makes us feel†#. Often drinking is a learned behavior, starting out as a social drinker; you quickly become psychologically and physically dependent. When someone reaches this stage they are often classified as an alcoholic. To an alcoholic, drinking becomes a compulsion; they cannot stop themselves from having another drink, like a social drinker can. In many cases alcoholics don’t even have to drink continuously in order to be an alcoholic. One the problems of alcohol addiction is that it’s something that doesn’t just effect the individual but it effects, friends and family as well. Spouse abuse, child abuse and dysfunctional family relationships can all be influenced by alcohol abuse. In the United States alone the drinking patterns throughout history have changed dramatically to reflect the times. Starting out in colonial times the usage of alcohol use was seen as a blessing, and harmless to society. It was acceptable to drink while at work, and during social events, however drinking alone was highly frowned upon. Many early religions believed that alcohol was a gift from God, â€Å"man should partake of God’s gift with out wasting or abusing it†#. To enhance and encourage the social aspect of drinking, Taverns were built as a meeting hall where people of all ages could go and drink; it was considered the center of social life. Even children in colonial times were coaxed into drinking as soon as they were old enough to drink from a glass. Parents in this time hoped to teach the children at this young stage to drink in small amounts so that later in life they wouldn’t misuse alcohol. Later on in the 19th century, the Taverns of colonial times eventually all changed into the more modern Saloon. A place where all men could gather to get away from their families. During the existence of the saloon the Christian church began to see the consumption of alcohol as an evil, and no longer accepted alcohol as the universal drink of the church. Today the effects of history are seen through the defiance of alcohol use and the probing reverence to abstinence, which is rarely practiced, but when it is, it goes largely un-respected by society. In many cultures through history, alcohol has been viewed to have positive influences in society. Its usage has been seen to enhance social abilities within a group, as well as increased relaxation and enjoyment in the company of others. The usage of alcohol extends further than social aspects, until the early 20th century alcohol had been used in medicinal practices and was a key ingredient in most over-the-counter medicines. Supporters of early alcohol use argued, â€Å"It gave courage to the soldier, endurance to the traveler, foresight to the statesman, and inspiration to the preacher. It sustained the sailor and the plowman. The trader and the trapper†#. In the United Kingdom for example, society favors drinking so much that bars in that country now attract people of both genders, through new legislations in that county social drinking is widely accepted, but heavy drinking and alcohol related problems remain in disapproval. To many, alcohol use is an aspect of their way of life, that if left out could possibly change their culture forever. Many people would argue that drinking is a learned behavior, however everyone learns about alcohol differently, causing different cultural and social views of acceptance. The U. S. treats alcohol as a substance that our children should never come in contact with. In many other societies it is believed that the earlier you encourage drinking among children the better drinking practices they will retain through out their lives. Italian culture allows their young to drink moderate amounts of alcohol as a part of everyday life, at family gatherings it is seen as a normal and natural food. Jewish culture treats alcohol as a sacred part of everyday life; their religion and rich culture create a continuous relationship with alcohol. Compared to the U. S. , there are many countries that do allow their youth to drink to start drinking at a young age, and they have seen decreased problems with violence, vandalism and drinking and driving. Children outside of the U. S. , who are introduced to alcohol as a part of their regular family life, learn to drink more responsibly and drink moderately while still young. Alcohol has been a part of Western Civilization for over 25 centuries. Over time there have been many governmental controls placed on the usage of alcohol in the U. S. When the need for control over this substance was demanded by a large part of the American population, the government responded with the Prohibition of alcohol in 1920. Largely influenced by religion and the temperance movement, many thought this measure would eradicate the use of alcohol. What they didn’t know was that laws couldn’t always be enforced. What did erupt out of Prohibition was an even higher demand for alcohol, which was met by the Mafia, who made millions by selling alcohol on the Black Market. Often time’s fear of something can be our biggest downfall. It effects our ability to move forward, to accept things the way they are and have the confidence that everything is going to be all right. When something such as alcohol is defined as bad or harmful to us, it becomes a psychological battle, to find good in it. So in our country the fear of alcohol gives it a negative image, it is rejected as a normal part of behavior because of its destructive effects, through peoples’ abuse of the substance. The negativity of alcohol in our country out weighs any potential to look at it the way other societies do, and change our views on it. â€Å"When, alcohol related problems do occur, they are clearly linked with the modalities of drinking, and usually also with values attitudes, and norms about drinking†#. We are stuck knowing, thinking and feeling the way we do about alcohol because that is what has been driven into our minds. If our society could look outside the box, we could see the effects of tradition, family and culture that have totally transformed how alcohol is used and seen in other societies. Lessons can be learned from the experiences of other countries but it would take a long time to effect them into our society and tradition. We have tried to educate our youth on the dangers of alcohol and problems associated with it. Through educational programs we have tried to teach them to stay away from this so-called drug, that we have enabled ourselves to label as dangerous. These programs such as D. A. R. E. have failed in every attempt because the information that is taught often contradicts beliefs and conduct seen everyday by these children in our society. Understanding that we have failed as a society in how we treat alcohol, leaves no question that we should look to evidence from other cultures and humble ourselves that our existing argument on alcohol needs to end. â€Å"It is apparent that certain ways of thinking and acting in respect to alcohol, ways that are consistently associated with drinking problems, might fruitfully be rejected, while others; those that correlate with unproblematic drinking might well be fostered. â€Å"# Our attempts of labeling alcohol as a â€Å"dirty drug,† a substance to be despised and shunned should change to â€Å"choose or not to choose. † We must teach children the modern practices of moderation, respect for alcohol and that you do have a choice in what you do. Damaging social and personal consequences stemming from alcohol abuse are not completely related to the prevalence of alcohol consumption, we know that cultural, historical and social comparisons truly show that alcohol has many uses, both good and bad. However, cultures that have a predisposition for low rates of alcohol abuse are more comfortable about the consumption of alcohol, and the behaviors seen as a result from drinking. These responsible drinking habits are taught at a young age as well as teaching that alcohol is a controllable a force that can offer pleasure and positive social experiences through implementation of successful cultural controls on drinking. Knowing how our society in the U. S. views the usage of alcohol, I believe that we should seriously reflect on the practices of the above mentioned cultures, and formulate a drinking model for alcohol that suits our culture and traditions, that gives a positive perspective on alcohol. This model would allow us to improve our way of living, teaching responsibility and respect, qualities needed in every aspect of life. Notes 1. Heath, D. B. (1982). â€Å"Sociocultural Variants in Alcoholism,† Encyclopedic Handbook of Alcoholism. New York: Gardner Press: 38 2. Heath, 429 3. Varley, C. (1994). Life Issues-Alcoholism. New York: Marshal Cavendish. 4. Rorabaugh, W. J. (1979). The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press: 26 5. Levine, H. G. (1995). â€Å"The Good Creature of God and the Demon Rum,† International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press: 115 6. Heath, 121 7. Heath, 436. Bibliography Claypool, J. (1981). Alcohol and You. New York: Franklin Watts- An Impact Book. Dolmetsch, P, and Mauricette, G. (Ed). (1987). Teens Talk About Alcohol and Alcoholism. New York: Dolphin Book. Heath, D. B. (1982). â€Å"Sociocultural Variants in Alcoholism,† Encyclopedic Handbook of Alcoholism. New York: Gardner Press. Hornik, E. L. (1974). You and your Alcoholic Parent. New York: Association Press. Levine, H. G. (1995). â€Å"The Good Creature of God and the Demon Rum,† International Handbook on Alcohol and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Rorabaugh, W. J. (1979). The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. Varley, C. (1994). Life Issues-Alcoholism. New York: Marshal Cavendish.

The Antacid Rocket Experiment

The Antacid Rocket Experiment If your child has tried the Naked Egg Experiment, he has seen how the chemical reaction between calcium carbonate and vinegar can remove an eggshell. If he’s tried The Exploding Sandwich Bag Experiment, then he knows a little bit about acid-base reactions. Now he can harness that reaction create a flying object in this Antacid Rocket Experiment. With some open space outdoors and a little caution your child can send a homemade rocket into the air by the power of a fizzy reaction. Note: The Antacid Rocket Experiment used to be called the Film Canister Rockets, but with digital cameras taking over the market, it’s become harder and harder to find empty film canisters. If you can film canisters, that’s great, but this experiment recommends you use mini MM tubular containers or clean, empty glue stick containers instead. What Your Child Will Learn (or Practice): Scientific inquiryObserving chemical reactionsThe Scientific Method Materials Needed: Mini MMs tube, a clean used-up glue stick container or a film canisterHeavy paper/card stockTapeMarkersScissorsBaking sodaVinegarTissuesAntacid tablets (Alka-Seltzer or a generic brand)Soda (optional) Tissues are not a necessity for this experiment, but using tissue can help to delay the chemical reaction long enough to give your child some time to get out of the way. Make Baking Soda and Vinegar Rockets Have your child sketch out and decorate a small rocket on a piece of heavy paper. Ask her to cut out the rocket and set it to the side.Help your child cut the â€Å"hinge† holding the cover to the MMs tube so it comes on and off. This will be the bottom of the rocket.Give her another piece of heavy paper and have her roll it around the tube, making sure the bottom of the rocket is easily accessible. Then, have her tape it tightly in place. (She may need to cut the paper to make it fit better).Glue the rocket she drew and cut out to the front of the tube to make the whole thing look more like a real rocket.Move outside to a clear, open area and open the containerFill it one-quarter full with vinegar.Wrap 1 teaspoon of baking soda in small piece of tissue.Warning: You must act quickly in this step! Stuff the folded tissue in the tube, snap it shut and stand it up (with the lid down) on the ground. Move away!Watch the rocket pop right up into the air after the tissue dissolves in the vinegar. Make an Antacid Rocket Use the same rocket from the baking soda and vinegar experiment, making sure to clean it thoroughly first.Take off the cover and put an antacid tablet into the tube. You may have to break it into pieces to get it all to fit. You can use generic antacid tablets but Alka-Seltzer works better than generic brands.Add a teaspoon of water to the tube, snap on the cover and put the rocket - lid down - on the ground.Watch what happens once the water dissolves the antacid tablet. What’s Going On Both rockets are working under the same principle. A baking soda and vinegar mixture and the water and antacid combination create an acid-base chemical reaction that releases carbon dioxide gas. The gas fills the tube and the the air pressure builds to a point where it is too great to be contained. That’s when the lid pops off and the rocket flies up into the air. Extend the Learning Experiment with different types of paper and how much baking soda and vinegar you use. It may help make the rocket fly higher, faster, or even be coordinated to a countdown.Ask your child compare how the different rockets worked. Which worked better?Substitute soda for water in the antacid rocket and see if it works differently.

Plesiadapis Facts

Plesiadapis Facts Name: Plesiadapis (Greek for almost Adapis); pronounced PLESS-ee-ah-DAP-iss Habitat: Woodlands of North America and Eurasia Historical Period: Late Paleocene (60-55 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5 pounds Diet: Fruits and seeds Distinguishing Characteristics: Lemur-like body; rodent-like head; gnawing teeth About Plesiadapis One of the earliest prehistoric primates yet discovered, Plesiadapis lived during the Paleocene epoch, a mere five million years or so after the dinosaurs went extinct- which does much to explain its rather small size (Paleocene mammals had yet to attain the large sizes typical of the mammalian megafauna of the later Cenozoic Era). The lemur-like Plesiadapis looked nothing like a modern human, or even the later monkeys from which humans evolved; rather, this small mammal was notable for the shape and arrangement of its teeth, which were already semi-suited to an omnivorous diet. Over tens of millions of years, evolution would send the descendants of Plesiadapis down from the trees and onto the open plains, where they would opportunistically eat anything that crawled, hopped, or slithered their way, at the same time evolving ever-larger brains. It took a surprisingly long time for paleontologists to make sense of Plesiadapis. This mammal was discovered in France in 1877, only 15 years after Charles Darwin published his treatise on evolution, On the Origin of Species, and at a time when the idea of humans evolving from monkeys and apes was extremely controversial. Its name, Greek for almost Adapis, references another fossil primate discovered about 50 years earlier. We can now infer from the fossil evidence that the ancestors of Plesiadapis lived in North America, possibly coexisting with dinosaurs, and then gradually crossed over to western Europe by way of Greenland.

Time Magazine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Magazine - Research Paper Example Hadden co-founded Time Magazine after they worked together on the Yale Daily News in Yale but the death of Britton Hadden in 1929 saw Luce’s name becoming the most dominant name in 20th century American as the Time Magazine grew to be one of the most successful magazines in American history. The first Time Magazine publication came out on March 3, 1923 as Vol. 1 Number 1. The difference between the first Time Magazine publication and what has been the distinguishing feature of Time Magazine was the lack of the classic red border. The cover of the first Time Magazine publication featured John G. Cannon, an 86 year old retiring member of congress who had served 23 times in the House of Representatives. The main reason given for the cover having Cannon was that it represented the main aim of Time Magazine of speaking to the readers through people. The aim of the founders was to create a magazine that informs busy readers in United States and the rest of the world on current events in a systematic, organized, and concise manner. After its incorporation in 1922 by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden and the first publication in 1923, Luce purchased Life Magazine in 1936 and made it a photojournalism publication. The company began trading in the New York stock exchange in 1964. At the passing of Luce in 1967, Time Magazine was worth $ 109 million dollars and the development and growth of Time Magazine continued. In 1972, Time and Chuck Dolan launched Home Box Office (HBO) that has grown over the years to rack in almost $5 billion in revenue and 100 million subscribers. In 1989, Time merged with Warner Communications forming a company with $ 10 billion annual revenue and valued at $ 15 billion dollars. 1995 saw the purchasing of Turner Broadcasting system by Time but in 2000 Time merged with AOL in the biggest merger and acquisition deal ever. Time magazine had a disastrous association with AOL that led to an investigation into its accounts leading to the ditching of AOL

Money is key to happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money is key to happiness - Essay Example Apart from it being an essential, it also takes the form of joy. One who has it more than the basic requirement finds it a pleasure to have it. Money not only buys the necessities of life but also has the power of fulfilling ones deepest desires. But not everyone is fortunate enough to have the pennies from the heaven. In fact some cant even meet their basic needs. This is mainly because of the inequalities that have prevailed in our societies. The unequal distribution of income, which has a vital role to play in this regard, is directly effected by the prevailing socio-political and economic conditions within the country. C.W. Mills, in his book The Sociological Imagination, has emphasized on the aspect of raising the level of overall countrys prosperity. This, as he proposed, is achievable by making efforts to reach a full employment condition by balancing all the variables in such a way that every thing gets settled in an equilibrium state. Some also argue that the money isnt the actual aspect of bringing happiness to ones life. They say that having money to a greater extent might be the ultimate source of pleasure; however, it is to certain limit. This limit though varies from person to person, but after reaching this point the utility becomes nil. This demonstrates an important aspect I.e. money brings well-being and actually well being is the actual source of happiness. To reach a certain level of well being, only a certain amount of money might be enough, except for those who merely live for the greed of having more and more. Even several researches conducted and studies performed have yielded these results i.e. the people who have pursued for having more and more of money actually end up working late hours. Such people are going after extrinsic goals i.e. name and fame and often undergo depression, anxiety and dissatisfaction. On the contrary, people who are after the intrinsic goals such as having a healthy socia l circle are